OK
https://www.fmreview.org/
Websites
Runtime: 2.7s
On January 18, 2025, 07:20 AM UTC, https://www.fmreview.org/ was accessible when tested on AS198589 in Iraq.
Failures
HTTP Experiment
null
DNS Experiment
null
Control
null
DNS Queries
Resolver:
5.62.131.10
Query:
IN A www.fmreview.org
Engine:
system
Name
Class
TTL
Type
DATA
@
IN
A
163.1.145.191
TCP Connections
Connection to 163.1.145.191:443 succeeded.
HTTP Requests
URL
GET https://www.fmreview.org/
Response Headers
Content-Type:text/html; charset=UTF-8Date:Sat, 18 Jan 2025 07:20:50 GMTLink:<https://www.fmreview.org/wp-json/>; rel="https://api.w.org/", <https://www.fmreview.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2>; rel="alternate"; type="application/json", <https://www.fmreview.org/>; rel=shortlinkServer:Apache/2.4.52 (Ubuntu)Vary:Accept-EncodingX-Pingback:https://www.fmreview.org/xmlrpc.php
Response Body
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="wpex-color-scheme-default"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <script> var gform;gform||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?o():!gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",o):document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",o)},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook("action",o,n,r,t)},addFilter:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook("filter",o,n,r,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook("action",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook("filter",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,n){gform.removeHook("action",o,n)},removeFilter:function(o,n,r){gform.removeHook("filter",o,n,r)},addHook:function(o,n,r,t,i){null==gform.hooks[o][n]&&(gform.hooks[o][n]=[]);var e=gform.hooks[o][n];null==i&&(i=n+"_"+e.length),gform.hooks[o][n].push({tag:i,callable:r,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(n,o,r){var t;if(r=Array.prototype.slice.call(r,1),null!=gform.hooks[n][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[n][o]).sort(function(o,n){return o.priority-n.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){"function"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),"action"==n?t.apply(null,r):r[0]=t.apply(null,r)})),"filter"==n)return r[0]},removeHook:function(o,n,t,i){var r;null!=gform.hooks[o][n]&&(r=(r=gform.hooks[o][n]).filter(function(o,n,r){return!!(null!=i&&i!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][n]=r)}}); </script> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.fmreview.org/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.fmreview.org/fr/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://www.fmreview.org/es/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://www.fmreview.org/ar/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.fmreview.org/" /> <meta name="generator" content="Total WordPress Theme v5.11.1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.2 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Home - Forced Migration Review</title> <meta name="description" content="Welcome to Forced Migration Review" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.fmreview.org/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Home - Forced Migration Review" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.fmreview.org/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Forced Migration Review" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-12-17T09:49:06+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/","url":"https://www.fmreview.org/","name":"Home - Forced Migration Review","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#website"},"about":{"@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#organization"},"datePublished":"2024-01-22T08:56:02+00:00","dateModified":"2024-12-17T09:49:06+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.fmreview.org/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#website","url":"https://www.fmreview.org/","name":"Forced Migration Review","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.fmreview.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#organization","name":"Forced Migration Review","url":"https://www.fmreview.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/FMR_logo1.svg","contentUrl":"https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/FMR_logo1.svg","width":53,"height":62,"caption":"Forced Migration Review"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.fmreview.org/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Forced Migration Review » Feed" href="https://www.fmreview.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Forced Migration Review » Comments Feed" href="https://www.fmreview.org/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Forced Migration Review » Home Comments Feed" href="https://www.fmreview.org/home/feed/" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/lib/ticons/fonts/ticons.woff2" type="font/woff2" as="font" crossorigin><link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity_forms_theme_reset-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-reset.min.css?ver=2.8.11' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity_forms_theme_foundation-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-foundation.min.css?ver=2.8.11' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity_forms_theme_framework-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-framework.min.css?ver=2.8.11' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity_forms_orbital_theme-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-orbital-theme.min.css?ver=2.8.11' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='js_composer_front-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/css/js_composer.min.css?ver=7.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-legacy-dropdown-0-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/legacy-dropdown/style.min.css?ver=1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-menu-item-0-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/menu-item/style.min.css?ver=1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cms-navigation-style-base-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/wpml-cms-nav/res/css/cms-navigation-base.css?ver=1.5.5' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cms-navigation-style-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/wpml-cms-nav/res/css/cms-navigation.css?ver=1.5.5' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='filter-datepicker-3d5b554ded-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/ymc-smart-filter/includes/assets/css/datepicker.css?ver=2.9.24' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='filter-swiper-3d5b554ded-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/ymc-smart-filter/includes/assets/css/swiper.min.css?ver=2.9.24' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='filter-grids-3d5b554ded-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/ymc-smart-filter/includes/assets/css/style.css?ver=2.9.24' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/style.css?ver=5.11.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='slick-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/total-child-theme/assets/css/slick.css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='custom-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/total-child-theme/assets/css/custom.css?ver=1737184850' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpex-style-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/total-child-theme/style.css?ver=5.11.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpex-mobile-menu-breakpoint-max-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/css/wpex-mobile-menu-breakpoint-max.css?ver=5.11.1' media='only screen and (max-width:1024px)' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpex-mobile-menu-breakpoint-min-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/css/wpex-mobile-menu-breakpoint-min.css?ver=5.11.1' media='only screen and (min-width:1025px)' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpex-wpbakery-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/css/frontend/wpbakery.css?ver=5.11.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ticons-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/lib/ticons/css/ticons.min.css?ver=1.0.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='vcex-shortcodes-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/css/vcex-shortcodes.css?ver=5.11.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dflip-style-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/dflip/assets/css/dflip.min.css?ver=2.2.32' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-site-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/popup-maker/assets/css/pum-site.min.css?ver=1.19.0' media='all' /> <style id='popup-maker-site-inline-css'> /* Popup Google Fonts */ @import url('//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:100'); /* Popup Theme 25: Light Box */ .pum-theme-25, .pum-theme-lightbox { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.60 ) } .pum-theme-25 .pum-container, .pum-theme-lightbox .pum-container { padding: 18px; border-radius: 3px; border: 8px solid #000000; box-shadow: 0px 0px 30px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 1.00 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-25 .pum-title, .pum-theme-lightbox .pum-title { color: #000000; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-25 .pum-content, .pum-theme-lightbox .pum-content { color: #000000; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-25 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-lightbox .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 26px; width: 26px; left: auto; right: -13px; bottom: auto; top: -13px; padding: 0px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial; font-weight: 100; font-size: 24px; line-height: 24px; border: 2px solid #ffffff; border-radius: 26px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 15px 1px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.75 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 26: Enterprise Blue */ .pum-theme-26, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.70 ) } .pum-theme-26 .pum-container, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue .pum-container { padding: 28px; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 0px 10px 25px 4px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.50 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-26 .pum-title, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue .pum-title { color: #315b7c; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100; font-size: 34px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-26 .pum-content, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue .pum-content { color: #2d2d2d; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-26 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-enterprise-blue .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 28px; width: 28px; left: auto; right: 8px; bottom: auto; top: 8px; padding: 4px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 100; font-size: 20px; line-height: 20px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 42px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 49, 91, 124, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 27: Hello Box */ .pum-theme-27, .pum-theme-hello-box { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.75 ) } .pum-theme-27 .pum-container, .pum-theme-hello-box .pum-container { padding: 30px; border-radius: 80px; border: 14px solid #81d742; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.00 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-27 .pum-title, .pum-theme-hello-box .pum-title { color: #2d2d2d; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: Montserrat; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-27 .pum-content, .pum-theme-hello-box .pum-content { color: #2d2d2d; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-27 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-hello-box .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: auto; width: auto; left: auto; right: -30px; bottom: auto; top: -30px; padding: 0px; color: #2d2d2d; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 28px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 28px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 28: Cutting Edge */ .pum-theme-28, .pum-theme-cutting-edge { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.50 ) } .pum-theme-28 .pum-container, .pum-theme-cutting-edge .pum-container { padding: 18px; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 0px 10px 25px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.50 ); background-color: rgba( 30, 115, 190, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-28 .pum-title, .pum-theme-cutting-edge .pum-title { color: #ffffff; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: Sans-Serif; font-weight: 100; font-size: 26px; line-height: 28px } .pum-theme-28 .pum-content, .pum-theme-cutting-edge .pum-content { color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-28 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-cutting-edge .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 24px; width: 24px; left: auto; right: 0px; bottom: auto; top: 0px; padding: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 24px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 0px; box-shadow: -1px 1px 1px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.10 ); text-shadow: -1px 1px 1px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.10 ); background-color: rgba( 238, 238, 34, 1.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 29: Framed Border */ .pum-theme-29, .pum-theme-framed-border { background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 0.50 ) } .pum-theme-29 .pum-container, .pum-theme-framed-border .pum-container { padding: 18px; border-radius: 0px; border: 20px outset #dd3333; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.97 ) inset; background-color: rgba( 255, 251, 239, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-29 .pum-title, .pum-theme-framed-border .pum-title { color: #000000; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-29 .pum-content, .pum-theme-framed-border .pum-content { color: #2d2d2d; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 100 } .pum-theme-29 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-framed-border .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 20px; width: 20px; left: auto; right: -20px; bottom: auto; top: -20px; padding: 0px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.55 ) } /* Popup Theme 30: Floating Bar - Soft Blue */ .pum-theme-30, .pum-theme-floating-bar { background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 0.00 ) } .pum-theme-30 .pum-container, .pum-theme-floating-bar .pum-container { padding: 8px; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 238, 246, 252, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-30 .pum-title, .pum-theme-floating-bar .pum-title { color: #505050; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-30 .pum-content, .pum-theme-floating-bar .pum-content { color: #505050; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400 } .pum-theme-30 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-floating-bar .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 18px; width: 18px; left: auto; right: 5px; bottom: auto; top: 50%; padding: 0px; color: #505050; font-family: Sans-Serif; font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; border: 1px solid #505050; border-radius: 15px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.00 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.00 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 0.00 ); transform: translate(0, -50%) } /* Popup Theme 31: Content Only - For use with page builders or block editor */ .pum-theme-31, .pum-theme-content-only { background-color: rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.70 ) } .pum-theme-31 .pum-container, .pum-theme-content-only .pum-container { padding: 0px; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.00 ) } .pum-theme-31 .pum-title, .pum-theme-content-only .pum-title { color: #000000; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: 32px; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-31 .pum-content, .pum-theme-content-only .pum-content { color: #8c8c8c; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400 } .pum-theme-31 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-content-only .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: 18px; width: 18px; left: auto; right: 7px; bottom: auto; top: 7px; padding: 0px; color: #000000; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700; font-size: 20px; line-height: 20px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 15px; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.00 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.00 ); background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 0.00 ) } /* Popup Theme 24: Default Theme */ .pum-theme-24, .pum-theme-default-theme { background-color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-24 .pum-container, .pum-theme-default-theme .pum-container { padding: 18px; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px none #000000; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 249, 249, 249, 1.00 ) } .pum-theme-24 .pum-title, .pum-theme-default-theme .pum-title { color: #000000; text-align: left; text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: 32px; font-style: normal; line-height: 36px } .pum-theme-24 .pum-content, .pum-theme-default-theme .pum-content { color: #8c8c8c; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-style: inherit } .pum-theme-24 .pum-content + .pum-close, .pum-theme-default-theme .pum-content + .pum-close { position: absolute; height: auto; width: auto; left: auto; right: 0px; bottom: auto; top: 0px; padding: 8px; color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 36px; border: 1px none #ffffff; border-radius: 0px; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px 0px rgba( 2, 2, 2, 0.23 ); text-shadow: 0px 0px 0px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.23 ); background-color: rgba( 0, 183, 205, 1.00 ) } #pum-24025 {z-index: 1999999999} #pum-648 {z-index: 1999999999} #pum-625 {z-index: 1999999999} #pum-632 {z-index: 1999999999} #pum-2345 {z-index: 1999999999} #pum-2359 {z-index: 1999999999} #pum-2026 {z-index: 1999999999} #pum-619 {z-index: 1999999999} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpex-gravity-forms-css' href='https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/css/wpex-gravity-forms.css?ver=5.11.1' media='all' /> <script id="wpml-cookie-js-extra"> var wpml_cookies = {"wp-wpml_current_language":{"value":"en","expires":1,"path":"\/"}}; var wpml_cookies = {"wp-wpml_current_language":{"value":"en","expires":1,"path":"\/"}}; </script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/js/cookies/language-cookie.js?ver=4.6.10" id="wpml-cookie-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/legacy-dropdown/script.min.js?ver=1" id="wpml-legacy-dropdown-0-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/jquery.json.min.js?ver=2.8.11" id="gform_json-js"></script> <script id="gform_gravityforms-js-extra"> var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"da2f27801354524b5e12deed4a0a4a7f","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"da2f27801354524b5e12deed4a0a4a7f","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; var gform_i18n = {"datepicker":{"days":{"monday":"Mo","tuesday":"Tu","wednesday":"We","thursday":"Th","friday":"Fr","saturday":"Sa","sunday":"Su"},"months":{"january":"January","february":"February","march":"March","april":"April","may":"May","june":"June","july":"July","august":"August","september":"September","october":"October","november":"November","december":"December"},"firstDay":1,"iconText":"Select date"}}; var gf_legacy_multi = {"3":"","2":""}; var gform_gravityforms = {"strings":{"invalid_file_extension":"This type of file is not allowed. Must be one of the following:","delete_file":"Delete this file","in_progress":"in progress","file_exceeds_limit":"File exceeds size limit","illegal_extension":"This type of file is not allowed.","max_reached":"Maximum number of files reached","unknown_error":"There was a problem while saving the file on the server","currently_uploading":"Please wait for the uploading to complete","cancel":"Cancel","cancel_upload":"Cancel this upload","cancelled":"Cancelled"},"vars":{"images_url":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images"}}; </script> <script id="gform_gravityforms-js-before"> </script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/gravityforms.min.js?ver=2.8.11" id="gform_gravityforms-js"></script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/utils.min.js?ver=2d19baeb93e2a0395e435793e50c082b" id="gform_gravityforms_utils-js"></script> <script></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.fmreview.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.5.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.fmreview.org/' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmreview.org%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmreview.org%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="WPML ver:4.6.10 stt:5,1,4,2;" /> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-25CZZ5041K"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-25CZZ5041K'); </script><noscript><style>body:not(.content-full-screen) .wpex-vc-row-stretched[data-vc-full-width-init="false"]{visibility:visible;}</style></noscript><link rel="icon" href="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/favicon.ico" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/favicon.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/favicon.ico" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> /*** ROBBIE EDITS ***//* FR SIGN UP FORM */#field_5_1 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_3 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_4 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_5 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_10 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_11 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_1 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_3 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_4 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_5 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_10 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_11 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_1 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_3 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_4 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_5 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_10 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_11 input.large::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#fff !important}#field_5_1 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_5_1 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_1 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_5_3 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_5_3 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_3 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_5_4 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_5_4 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_4 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_5_5 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_5_5 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_5 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_5_10 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_5_10 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_10 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_5_11 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_5_11 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_5_11 input:-moz-placeholder{color:#fff !important}/* ES SIGN UP FORM */#field_6_1 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_6_1 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_1 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_6_3 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_6_3 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_3 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_6_4 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_6_4 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_4 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_6_5 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_6_5 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_5 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_6_10 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_6_10 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_10 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_6_11 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_6_11 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_6_11 input:-moz-placeholder{color:#fff !important}/* AR SIGN UP FORM */#field_7_1 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_7_1 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_1 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_7_3 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_7_3 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_3 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_7_4 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_7_4 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_4 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_7_5 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_7_5 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_5 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_7_10 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_7_10 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_10 input:-moz-placeholder,#field_7_11 input::-moz-placeholder,#field_7_11 input::-webkit-input-placeholder,#field_7_11 input:-moz-placeholder{color:#fff !important;display:none !important}@media (max-width:767.97px){#wrap .fmr-single-content__entry .fmr-single-article .fmr-image .media{height:fit-content}.fmr-single-content__entry .layout-04 ul{font-size:14px !important;line-height:17.5px}}#wrap .boxes-sections .col-2 .box-item .fmr-btn{display:flex}#wrap .fmr-btn--eucalyptus:not(.no-rollover):hover{color:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){#wrap #site-header #site-header-inner #mobile-menu .mobile-language-switcher .wpml-ls ul li a{width:100% !important}}#pum-648 .pum-container .popmake-close,#pum-1311 .pum-container .popmake-close,#pum-1312 .pum-container .popmake-close,#pum-1310 .pum-container .popmake-close{font-weight:500;width:90%;max-width:34rem;border-radius:110px;transform:translateX(-50%);left:50%;padding:20px 10px;background-color:#031d33 !important;color:#fff !important}#pum-648 .pum-container .popmake-content .toggle-wrp,#pum-1311 .pum-container .popmake-content .toggle-wrp,#pum-1312 .pum-container .popmake-content .toggle-wrp,#pum-1310 .pum-container .popmake-content .toggle-wrp{font-family:'Catamaran',sans-serif}@media screen and (max-width:400px){#pum-648 .pum-container,#pum-1311 .pum-container,#pum-1312 .pum-container,#pum-1310 .pum-container{padding:10rem 1.5rem 0 2.5rem}}#pum-648 .pum-container,#pum-1311 .pum-container,#pum-1312 .pum-container,#pum-1310 .pum-container{padding:10rem 1.5rem 0 1.5rem}/* ARABIC EDITS */.rtl #site-header-inner .fmr-btn{padding-left:2rem !important;padding-right:2rem !important}.rtl #wrap #site-header #site-header-inner #site-navigation-wrap .wpex-dropdown-menu >.wpml-ls-item >a::after{right:70% !important}.rtl #wrap #site-header #site-header-inner #site-navigation-wrap .wpex-dropdown-menu >.wpml-ls-item >a{padding:8px 10px 8px 30px !important}.rtl #wrap #site-header #site-header-inner #site-navigation-wrap .wpex-dropdown-menu >.wpml-ls-item >.sub-menu >.wpml-ls-item >a{padding:8px 10px 8px 30px !important}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.rtl #wrap #site-header #site-header-inner #mobile-menu .mobile-language-switcher .wpml-ls ul li a{width:114% !important;padding:8px 10px 8px 20px !important}}.rtl .text,.rtl p,.rtl .vcex-heading,.rtl .vcex-ib-caption,.rtl .fmr-text{line-height:1.5 !important}.rtl #wrap .explore-content__row-2 .row-search .vcex-searchbar{max-width:80rem !important}@media only screen and (max-width:1100px){#menu-main-menu-fr .menu-item-type-post_type a{font-size:13px !important}}body.rtl #wrap #top-bar-wrap #top-bar #top-bar-content ul li a:after{left:-2rem;right:unset}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body.rtl #wrap .site-main .home__row-1 .carousel-content__entry .slick-dots{right:29.5%}}@media screen and (min-width:1100px){body.rtl #wrap .site-main .home__row-1 .carousel-content__entry .slick-dots{right:30.5%}}@media screen and (min-width:1200px){body.rtl #wrap .site-main .home__row-1 .carousel-content__entry .slick-dots{right:31.5%}}@media screen and (min-width:1480px){body.rtl #wrap .site-main .home__row-1 .carousel-content__entry .slick-dots{right:32.5%}}@media screen and (min-width:1700px){body.rtl #wrap .site-main .home__row-1 .carousel-content__entry .slick-dots{right:32.5%}}body.rtl #wrap .site-main .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .panel-top .toggle-wrp{min-width:30rem}body.rtl #wrap .site-main .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .panel-top .selected-tags{width:100%}@media screen and (max-width:1300px){body.rtl #wrap .site-main .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .panel-top{width:90%}}@media screen and (max-width:1280px){#wrap .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .panel-top.shift{width:88%}#wrap .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .panel-top{margin-left:20px}}#wrap .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .panel-top .toggle-wrp{min-width:30rem}/*** HEADER ***/@media only screen and (min-width:1310px){#site-navigation #menu-main-menu-fr .menu-item-type-post_type a{font-size:18px !important}}@media screen and (max-width:1309px) and (min-width:1151px){#site-navigation #menu-main-menu-fr .menu-item-type-post_type a{font-size:16px !important}}/*** EXPLORE CONTENT ***/#wrap .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .panel-top .toggle-wrp .toggle{cursor:pointer}#wrap .explore-content .post-entry .post-item .content-inner{min-height:59rem}@media screen and (max-width:1180px){#wrap .explore-content .post-entry .post-item .content-inner .fmr-title{font-size:2.4rem !important}}/* FOOTER */@media screen and (max-width:1023.97px){#wrap #footer-builder .footer-builder-content .footer-row .inner-row--3 >.vc_column_container:nth-child(3){order:4}#wrap #footer-builder .footer-builder-content .footer-row .inner-row--3 >.vc_column_container:nth-child(1){order:2}#wrap #footer-builder .footer-builder-content .footer-row .text-copyright{margin-top:0rem}}/* POST TRANSFER EXPLORE CONTENT EDITS */#wrap .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .filter-layout .filter-entry .group-filters .name-tax{font-family:"Catamaran",sans-serif}#wrap .explore-content__row-2 .explore-content .filter-layout .filter-entry .group-filters .sub-filters .filter-item .filter-link{font-family:"Catamaran",sans-serif}/* SUBSCRIBE */#field_4_14,#field_5_14,#field_6_14,#field_7_14{display:none !important} </style> <style type="text/css" data-type="vc_shortcodes-custom-css">.vc_custom_1713869960259{background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: contain !important;}</style><noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript><style data-type="wpex-css" id="wpex-css">/*CUSTOMIZER STYLING*/:root{--wpex-vc-column-inner-margin-bottom:40px}</style></head> <body class="home page-template-default page page-id-2 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive page-home wpml-language-en wpex-theme wpex-responsive full-width-main-layout has-composer wpex-live-site site-full-width content-full-width has-topbar sidebar-widget-icons hasnt-overlay-header page-header-disabled wpex-mobile-toggle-menu-icon_buttons has-mobile-menu wpex-no-js wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.3 vc_responsive"> <a href="#content" class="skip-to-content wpex-absolute wpex-opacity-0 wpex-no-underline">Skip to content</a> <span data-ls_id="#site_top" tabindex="-1"></span> <div id="outer-wrap" class="wpex-overflow-clip"> <div id="wrap" class="wpex-clr"> <div id="top-bar-wrap" class="wpex-border-b wpex-border-main wpex-border-solid wpex-text-sm wpex-print-hidden"> <div id="top-bar" class="container wpex-relative wpex-py-15 wpex-md-flex wpex-justify-between wpex-items-center wpex-text-center wpex-md-text-initial"> <div id="top-bar-content" class="has-content top-bar-left wpex-clr"><ul> <li><a class="local-scroll-link" href="/#latest-issue">Latest issue</a></li> <li><a class="local-scroll-link" href="/#forthcoming-issues">Forthcoming issues</a></li> <li><a class="local-scroll-link" href="/#past-issues">Previous issues</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <header id="site-header" class="header-dev fixed-scroll wpex-z-99 has-sticky-dropshadow dyn-styles wpex-print-hidden wpex-relative wpex-clr"> <div id="site-header-inner" class="header-dev-inner header-padding container wpex-relative wpex-h-100 wpex-py-30 wpex-clr"> <div id="site-logo" class="site-branding header-dev-logo logo-padding wpex-table"> <div id="site-logo-inner" class="wpex-table-cell wpex-align-middle wpex-clr"><a id="site-logo-link" href="https://www.fmreview.org/" rel="home" class="main-logo"><img src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/FMR_logo1.svg" alt="Forced Migration Review" class="logo-img" data-no-retina data-skip-lazy fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/FMR_logo1.svg 1x,https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/FMR-Main-Logo.png 2x"></a></div> </div> <aside id="header-aside" class="header-dev-aside hide-at-mm-breakpoint"> <div class="header-aside-content wpex-clr"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid no-bottom-margins"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue" href="/?page_id=1830"><span class="btn-text">SUBSCRIBE</span></a> <a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue" href="https://www.development.ox.ac.uk/mag?id=aac72e48-890e-480c-9e45-a676a1a89b9c" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="btn-text">DONATE</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div> </aside> <div id="site-navigation-wrap" class="navbar-style-dev hide-at-mm-breakpoint wpex-clr wpex-print-hidden"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="navigation main-navigation main-navigation-dev wpex-clr" aria-label="Main menu"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="main-navigation-dev-ul wpex-dropdown-menu wpex-dropdown-menu--onhover"><li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-en" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-first-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-has-children dropdown menu-item-wpml-ls-2-en"><a title="English" href="https://www.fmreview.org/"><span class="link-inner"><span class="wpml-ls-display">English</span></span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-fr" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-fr wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-fr"><a title="Français" href="https://www.fmreview.org/fr/"><span class="link-inner"><span class="wpml-ls-display">Français</span></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-es" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-es wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-es"><a title="Español" href="https://www.fmreview.org/es/"><span class="link-inner"><span class="wpml-ls-display">Español</span></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-ar" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-ar wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-last-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-ar"><a title="العربية" href="https://www.fmreview.org/ar/"><span class="link-inner"><span class="wpml-ls-display">العربية</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-44" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-2 current_page_item menu-item-44"><a href="https://www.fmreview.org/" aria-current="page"><span class="link-inner">Home</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-260"><a href="https://www.fmreview.org/about-fmr/"><span class="link-inner">About FMR</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-37239" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-37239"><a href="https://www.fmreview.org/explore-content/?termID=36"><span class="link-inner">Explore content</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-390" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-390"><a href="https://www.fmreview.org/write-for-us/"><span class="link-inner">Write for FMR</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-444"><a href="https://www.fmreview.org/support-fmr/"><span class="link-inner">Support FMR</span></a></li> <li class="search-toggle-li menu-item wpex-menu-extra no-icon-margin"><a href="#" class="site-search-toggle search-dropdown-toggle" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="searchform-dropdown" aria-label="Search"><span class="link-inner"><span class="wpex-menu-search-text wpex-hidden">Search</span><span class="wpex-menu-search-icon ticon ticon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a> <div id="searchform-dropdown" data-placeholder="Search" data-disable-autocomplete="true" class="header-searchform-wrap header-drop-widget header-drop-widget--colored-top-border wpex-invisible wpex-opacity-0 wpex-absolute wpex-transition-all wpex-duration-200 wpex-translate-Z-0 wpex-text-initial wpex-z-10000 wpex-top-100 wpex-right-0 wpex-surface-1 wpex-text-2 wpex-p-15"> <form role="search" method="get" class="searchform wpex-relative" action="https://www.fmreview.org/"> <label class="searchform-label wpex-text-current wpex-block wpex-m-0 wpex-p-0"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search</span> <input type="search" class="searchform-input field" name="s" placeholder="Search"> </label> <button type="submit" class="searchform-submit"><span class="ticon ticon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Submit</span></button> </form> </div> </li></ul></nav> </div> <div id="mobile-menu" class="wpex-mobile-menu-toggle show-at-mm-breakpoint wpex-flex wpex-items-center wpex-absolute wpex-top-50 -wpex-translate-y-50 wpex-right-0"> <div class="wpex-inline-flex wpex-items-center"> <a href="#" class="mobile-menu-toggle" role="button" aria-label="Toggle mobile menu" aria-expanded="false"><span class="mobile-menu-toggle__icon wpex-flex"><span class="wpex-hamburger-icon wpex-hamburger-icon--inactive wpex-hamburger-icon--animate" aria-hidden="true"><span></span></span></span></a><div class="mobile-language-switcher"> <div class="wpml-ls-statics-shortcode_actions wpml-ls wpml-ls-legacy-dropdown js-wpml-ls-legacy-dropdown"> <ul> <li tabindex="0" class="wpml-ls-slot-shortcode_actions wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-first-item wpml-ls-item-legacy-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="js-wpml-ls-item-toggle wpml-ls-item-toggle"> <span class="wpml-ls-native">English</span></a> <ul class="wpml-ls-sub-menu"> <li class="wpml-ls-slot-shortcode_actions wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-fr"> <a href="https://www.fmreview.org/fr/" class="wpml-ls-link"> <span class="wpml-ls-display">Français</span></a> </li> <li class="wpml-ls-slot-shortcode_actions wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-es"> <a href="https://www.fmreview.org/es/" class="wpml-ls-link"> <span class="wpml-ls-display">Español</span></a> </li> <li class="wpml-ls-slot-shortcode_actions wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-ar wpml-ls-last-item"> <a href="https://www.fmreview.org/ar/" class="wpml-ls-link"> <span class="wpml-ls-display">العربية</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </header> <main id="main" class="site-main wpex-clr"> <div id="content-wrap" class="container wpex-clr"> <div id="primary" class="content-area wpex-clr"> <div id="content" class="site-content wpex-clr"> <article id="single-blocks" class="single-page-article wpex-clr"> <div class="single-page-content single-content entry wpex-clr"><div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><div class="vc_section home wpex-vc-full-width-section wpex-vc-full-width-section--centered"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid home__row-1 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex wpex-vc-has-custom-column-spacing wpex-vc-column-spacing-0px no-bottom-margins wpex-vc-full-width-row"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid inner-row-top vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex no-bottom-margins"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h4 class="sub-header">Welcome to</h4> <h2 class="header">Forced Migration<br /> Review</h2> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vcex-shortcode wpex-clr"><div class="carousel-content"><div class="carousel-content__entry" ><article class="slider-item"><div class="row"><div class="col col-1"><div class="tags-wrp"><span class="tag">news</span></div><div class="title">FMR's new look</div><div class="excerpt"><p>Our brand-new website is now live and ready for you to explore!</p> <p>Designed for a better browsing and reading experience, it’s a beta version, so you can let us know how it works for you. We’ll continue to make adjustments in the coming months. Dive in and let us know what you think.</p> </div></div><div class="col col-2"><figure class="media"><img src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/333.png"></figure></div></div><div class="btn-wrp"><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue fmr-btn--oxfordBlue-arrow local-scroll-link" href="https://www.fmreview.org/explore-content/?termID=36"> <span class="btn-text">Explore content</span></a></div></article><article class="slider-item"><div class="row"><div class="col col-1"><div class="tags-wrp"><span class="tag">Forthcoming issue</span></div><div class="title">Dangerous journeys</div><div class="excerpt"><p>Dangerous journeys are taken every day by migrants and refugees, often with tragic consequences. This issue – coming out in May 2025 – seeks to explore how more lives can be saved on land and sea and how disappearances in migration and displacement can be prevented or resolved.</p> </div></div><div class="col col-2"><figure class="media"><img src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/18-NurOsso-1-scaled.jpeg"><figcaption class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Untitled, painting by Abdullah Rahmani, 2020. Reproduced with permission, artist's website: alirezajan386.wixsite.com/afghan</span></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="btn-wrp"><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue fmr-btn--oxfordBlue-arrow local-scroll-link" href="https://www.fmreview.org/fmr-alerts/"> <span class="btn-text">SIGN UP FOR EMAILS</span></a></div></article><article class="slider-item"><div class="row"><div class="col col-1"><div class="tags-wrp"><span class="tag">Inclusion</span></div><div class="title">Mentoring</div><div class="excerpt"><p>We offer mentoring for authors with lived experience of forced displacement, or whose voices are under-represented in decision making around forced displacement. This is just one aspect of FMR’s Inclusion Programme.</p> </div></div><div class="col col-2"><figure class="media"><img src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/RF1313304__DSC0622-scaled.jpg"><figcaption class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Artists from 9 countries create a mural in Sofia, Bulgaria, together with refugee children. Credit: UNHCR/Dobrin Kashavelov</span></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="btn-wrp"><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue fmr-btn--oxfordBlue-arrow local-scroll-link" href="https://www.fmreview.org/about-fmr/"> <span class="btn-text">INCLUSION AT FMR</span></a></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="latest-issue" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid home__row-2 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex no-bottom-margins" data-ls_id="#latest-issue" tabindex="-1"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><style>.vcex-image.vcex_678b5652dae2c .vcex-image-inner{max-width:500px;}.vcex-image.vcex_678b5652dae2c .vcex-image-img{height:500px;}</style><figure class="vcex-image vcex-module textcenter vcex_678b5652dae2c"><div class="vcex-image-inner wpex-relative wpex-inline-block"><img width="1673" height="2240" src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Coverimage-Jordan-1.jpg" class="vcex-image-img wpex-align-middle wpex-object-cover" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Coverimage-Jordan-1.jpg 1673w, https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Coverimage-Jordan-1-224x300.jpg 224w, https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Coverimage-Jordan-1-765x1024.jpg 765w, https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Coverimage-Jordan-1-768x1028.jpg 768w, https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Coverimage-Jordan-1-1147x1536.jpg 1147w, https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Coverimage-Jordan-1-1530x2048.jpg 1530w" sizes="(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px" /></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h4>Latest issue</h4> <h5>FMR 74</h5> <h2>Financing displacement response</h2> <p><strong>November 2024</strong></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">From humanitarian aid by wealthy governments to remittances from diaspora communities, responses to forced displacement are shaped by funding from an array of actors, in ways that express those actors’ interests and priorities. In recent years, new actors and new financing approaches have emerged. </span><span data-contrast="none">What do these shifts mean for forcibly displaced people and displacement response strategies? How does displacement response financing interact with the choices of forcibly displaced people and their communities, with local and global economies, and with broader geopolitical events and trends? This issue advances understanding of these questions and others. </span><span data-ccp-props="{}"> </span></p> <p><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue fmr-btn--oxfordBlue-arrow" href="https://www.fmreview.org/financing-displacement-response/"><span class="btn-text">READ THE LATEST ISSUE</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div id="forthcoming-issues" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid home__row-3 boxes-sections vc_custom_1713869960259 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex wpex-vc_row-has-fill no-bottom-margins wpex-vc-reset-negative-margin wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered" data-ls_id="#forthcoming-issues" tabindex="-1" style="background-position:100% 50% !important;"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid inner-row vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex no-bottom-margins"><div class="wpb_column col-1 vc_column_container vc_col-sm-5 vc_col-xs-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl fmr-heading"><span class="vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block">Forthcoming<br /> issues</span></div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element fmr-text" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Be the first to know about new issues of FMR, calls for articles, and related news. Sign up for emails or follow us on social media.</p> </div> </div> <div class="vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl form-heading"><span class="vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block">Sign up for emails</span></div><a href="/fmr-alerts/" class="vcex-button theme-button inline fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue"><span class="vcex-button-inner theme-button-inner">SIGN UP</span></a> <div class='gf_browser_chrome gform_wrapper gform-theme gform-theme--foundation gform-theme--framework gform-theme--orbital' data-form-theme='orbital' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_2' ><style>#gform_wrapper_2[data-form-index="0"].gform-theme,[data-parent-form="2_0"]{--gf-color-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;--gf-color-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-secondary: #fff;--gf-color-secondary-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-secondary-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-secondary-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-secondary-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-secondary-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);--gf-color-in-ctrl: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);--gf-radius: 3px;--gf-font-size-secondary: 14px;--gf-font-size-tertiary: 13px;--gf-icon-ctrl-number: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='8' height='14' viewBox='0 0 8 14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M4 0C4.26522 5.96046e-08 4.51957 0.105357 4.70711 0.292893L7.70711 3.29289C8.09763 3.68342 8.09763 4.31658 7.70711 4.70711C7.31658 5.09763 6.68342 5.09763 6.29289 4.70711L4 2.41421L1.70711 4.70711C1.31658 5.09763 0.683417 5.09763 0.292893 4.70711C-0.0976311 4.31658 -0.097631 3.68342 0.292893 3.29289L3.29289 0.292893C3.48043 0.105357 3.73478 0 4 0ZM0.292893 9.29289C0.683417 8.90237 1.31658 8.90237 1.70711 9.29289L4 11.5858L6.29289 9.29289C6.68342 8.90237 7.31658 8.90237 7.70711 9.29289C8.09763 9.68342 8.09763 10.3166 7.70711 10.7071L4.70711 13.7071C4.31658 14.0976 3.68342 14.0976 3.29289 13.7071L0.292893 10.7071C-0.0976311 10.3166 -0.0976311 9.68342 0.292893 9.29289Z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-select: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='6' viewBox='0 0 10 6' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M0.292893 0.292893C0.683417 -0.097631 1.31658 -0.097631 1.70711 0.292893L5 3.58579L8.29289 0.292893C8.68342 -0.0976311 9.31658 -0.0976311 9.70711 0.292893C10.0976 0.683417 10.0976 1.31658 9.70711 1.70711L5.70711 5.70711C5.31658 6.09763 4.68342 6.09763 4.29289 5.70711L0.292893 1.70711C-0.0976311 1.31658 -0.0976311 0.683418 0.292893 0.292893Z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-search: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='640' height='640'%3E%3Cpath d='M256 128c-70.692 0-128 57.308-128 128 0 70.691 57.308 128 128 128 70.691 0 128-57.309 128-128 0-70.692-57.309-128-128-128zM64 256c0-106.039 85.961-192 192-192s192 85.961 192 192c0 41.466-13.146 79.863-35.498 111.248l154.125 154.125c12.496 12.496 12.496 32.758 0 45.254s-32.758 12.496-45.254 0L367.248 412.502C335.862 434.854 297.467 448 256 448c-106.039 0-192-85.962-192-192z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-label-space-y-secondary: var(--gf-label-space-y-md-secondary);--gf-ctrl-border-color: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-size: var(--gf-ctrl-size-md);--gf-ctrl-label-color-primary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-label-color-secondary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-choice-size: var(--gf-ctrl-choice-size-md);--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-border-color-secondary: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-file-btn-bg-color-hover: #EBEBEB;--gf-field-pg-steps-number-color: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.8);}</style><div id='gf_2' class='gform_anchor' tabindex='-1'></div><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_2' id='gform_2' action='/#gf_2' data-formid='2' novalidate> <input type='hidden' class='gforms-pum' value='{"closepopup":false,"closedelay":0,"openpopup":false,"openpopup_id":0}' /> <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_2' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id="field_2_1" class="gfield gfield--type-email gfield--input-type-email gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_2_1" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_2_1'>Email<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_text">(Required)</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_1' id='input_2_1' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email Address' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div></div></div> <div class='gform_footer top_label'> <button type="submit" id="gform_submit_button_2" class="gform_button button fmr-btn fmr-btn--eucalyptus fmr-btn--eucalyptus-arrow" onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_2"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_2")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_2")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_2"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_2"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_2")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_2")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_2"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_2").trigger("submit",[true]); }'><span class="btn-text">Sign Up</span></button> <input type='hidden' name='gform_ajax' value='form_id=2&title=&description=&tabindex=0&theme=orbital' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_2' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='2' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_2' value='WyJbXSIsImQ5ZWY1MTNlOWM5MWJmYTgxMGUwMzNhYmEwNDhiOTRiIl0=' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_2' id='gform_target_page_number_2' value='0' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_2' id='gform_source_page_number_2' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' /> </div> </form> </div> <iframe style='display:none;width:0px;height:0px;' src='about:blank' name='gform_ajax_frame_2' id='gform_ajax_frame_2' title='This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.'></iframe> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 2, 'https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', false );jQuery('#gform_ajax_frame_2').on('load',function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find('*').html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf('GF_AJAX_POSTBACK') >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_wrapper_2');var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_confirmation_wrapper_2').length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf('gformRedirect(){') >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery('html').css('margin-top'), 10) + parseInt(jQuery('body').css('margin-top'), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass('gform_validation_error')){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').addClass('gform_validation_error');} else {jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').removeClass('gform_validation_error');}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').offset().top - mt); }, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_2').val();gformInitSpinner( 2, 'https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', false );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [2, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_2'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gf_2').offset().top - mt);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [2]);window['gf_submitting_2'] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery('#gform_confirmation_message_2').text());}else{jQuery('#gform_2').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "2", currentPage: "current_page", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_2" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_2"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_2" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( 'gform_post_render', [2, current_page] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 2, currentPage: current_page } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} ); </script> <style>.vcex-social-links.vcex_678b5652de18a .vcex-social-links__item{color:#002147;}</style><div class="vcex-social-links vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-items-center wpex-flex-wrap wpex-social-btns vcex-social-btns wpex-gap-5 wpex-last-mr-0 vcex_678b5652de18a"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/FMReview/" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-facebook" target="_blank" title="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a><a href="https://twitter.com/FMReview" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-x-twitter" target="_blank" title="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon wpex-svg-icon" aria-hidden="true"><svg height="20" width="20" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/forced-migration-review/" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-linkedin" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/fmreview.bsky.social" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-vk" target="_blank" title="VK" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-vk" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">VK</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column col-2 vc_column_container vc_col-sm-7 vc_col-xs-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vcex-shortcode wpex-clr"><div class="box-content"><div class="box-content__entry"><article class="box-item"><div class="subheader">FMR 75</div> <div class="header">Dangerous Journeys</div><div class="text"><p>This issue of FMR seeks to explore how more lives can be saved on land and sea.</p> <p>SUBMISSIONS ARE CLOSED</p> </div><div class="date">May 2025</div></article></div></div></div><div class="vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl form-heading"><span class="vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block">Sign up for emails</span></div><a href="/fmr-alerts/" class="vcex-button theme-button inline fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue"><span class="vcex-button-inner theme-button-inner">SIGN UP</span></a> <div class='gf_browser_chrome gform_wrapper gform-theme gform-theme--foundation gform-theme--framework gform-theme--orbital' data-form-theme='orbital' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_2' ><style>#gform_wrapper_2[data-form-index="0"].gform-theme,[data-parent-form="2_0"]{--gf-color-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;--gf-color-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-secondary: #fff;--gf-color-secondary-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-secondary-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-secondary-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-secondary-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-secondary-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);--gf-color-out-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-out-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);--gf-color-in-ctrl: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-contrast-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-darker: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-lighter: #FFFFFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary: #204ce5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-rgb: 32, 76, 229;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast: #fff;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-contrast-rgb: 255, 255, 255;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-darker: #001AB3;--gf-color-in-ctrl-primary-lighter: #527EFF;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.1);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-rgb: 17, 35, 55;--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-darker: rgba(104, 110, 119, 0.35);--gf-color-in-ctrl-light-lighter: #F5F5F5;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark: #585e6a;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-rgb: 88, 94, 106;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-darker: #112337;--gf-color-in-ctrl-dark-lighter: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65);--gf-radius: 3px;--gf-font-size-secondary: 14px;--gf-font-size-tertiary: 13px;--gf-icon-ctrl-number: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='8' height='14' viewBox='0 0 8 14' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M4 0C4.26522 5.96046e-08 4.51957 0.105357 4.70711 0.292893L7.70711 3.29289C8.09763 3.68342 8.09763 4.31658 7.70711 4.70711C7.31658 5.09763 6.68342 5.09763 6.29289 4.70711L4 2.41421L1.70711 4.70711C1.31658 5.09763 0.683417 5.09763 0.292893 4.70711C-0.0976311 4.31658 -0.097631 3.68342 0.292893 3.29289L3.29289 0.292893C3.48043 0.105357 3.73478 0 4 0ZM0.292893 9.29289C0.683417 8.90237 1.31658 8.90237 1.70711 9.29289L4 11.5858L6.29289 9.29289C6.68342 8.90237 7.31658 8.90237 7.70711 9.29289C8.09763 9.68342 8.09763 10.3166 7.70711 10.7071L4.70711 13.7071C4.31658 14.0976 3.68342 14.0976 3.29289 13.7071L0.292893 10.7071C-0.0976311 10.3166 -0.0976311 9.68342 0.292893 9.29289Z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-select: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='10' height='6' viewBox='0 0 10 6' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M0.292893 0.292893C0.683417 -0.097631 1.31658 -0.097631 1.70711 0.292893L5 3.58579L8.29289 0.292893C8.68342 -0.0976311 9.31658 -0.0976311 9.70711 0.292893C10.0976 0.683417 10.0976 1.31658 9.70711 1.70711L5.70711 5.70711C5.31658 6.09763 4.68342 6.09763 4.29289 5.70711L0.292893 1.70711C-0.0976311 1.31658 -0.0976311 0.683418 0.292893 0.292893Z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-icon-ctrl-search: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='640' height='640'%3E%3Cpath d='M256 128c-70.692 0-128 57.308-128 128 0 70.691 57.308 128 128 128 70.691 0 128-57.309 128-128 0-70.692-57.309-128-128-128zM64 256c0-106.039 85.961-192 192-192s192 85.961 192 192c0 41.466-13.146 79.863-35.498 111.248l154.125 154.125c12.496 12.496 12.496 32.758 0 45.254s-32.758 12.496-45.254 0L367.248 412.502C335.862 434.854 297.467 448 256 448c-106.039 0-192-85.962-192-192z' fill='rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.65)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");--gf-label-space-y-secondary: var(--gf-label-space-y-md-secondary);--gf-ctrl-border-color: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-size: var(--gf-ctrl-size-md);--gf-ctrl-label-color-primary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-label-color-secondary: #112337;--gf-ctrl-choice-size: var(--gf-ctrl-choice-size-md);--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-checkbox-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size: var(--gf-ctrl-radio-check-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-font-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-padding-x-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-size: var(--gf-ctrl-btn-size-md);--gf-ctrl-btn-border-color-secondary: #686e77;--gf-ctrl-file-btn-bg-color-hover: #EBEBEB;--gf-field-pg-steps-number-color: rgba(17, 35, 55, 0.8);}</style><div id='gf_2' class='gform_anchor' tabindex='-1'></div><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_2' id='gform_2' action='/#gf_2' data-formid='2' novalidate> <input type='hidden' class='gforms-pum' value='{"closepopup":false,"closedelay":0,"openpopup":false,"openpopup_id":0}' /> <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_2' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id="field_2_1" class="gfield gfield--type-email gfield--input-type-email gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below hidden_label field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_2_1" ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_2_1'>Email<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_text">(Required)</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_1' id='input_2_1' type='email' value='' class='large' placeholder='Email Address' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div></div></div> <div class='gform_footer top_label'> <button type="submit" id="gform_submit_button_2" class="gform_button button fmr-btn fmr-btn--eucalyptus fmr-btn--eucalyptus-arrow" onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_2"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_2")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_2")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_2"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_2"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_2")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_2")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_2"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_2").trigger("submit",[true]); }'><span class="btn-text">Sign Up</span></button> <input type='hidden' name='gform_ajax' value='form_id=2&title=&description=&tabindex=0&theme=orbital' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_2' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='2' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_2' value='WyJbXSIsImQ5ZWY1MTNlOWM5MWJmYTgxMGUwMzNhYmEwNDhiOTRiIl0=' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_2' id='gform_target_page_number_2' value='0' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_2' id='gform_source_page_number_2' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' /> </div> </form> </div> <iframe style='display:none;width:0px;height:0px;' src='about:blank' name='gform_ajax_frame_2' id='gform_ajax_frame_2' title='This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.'></iframe> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 2, 'https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', false );jQuery('#gform_ajax_frame_2').on('load',function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find('*').html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf('GF_AJAX_POSTBACK') >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_wrapper_2');var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_confirmation_wrapper_2').length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf('gformRedirect(){') >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery('html').css('margin-top'), 10) + parseInt(jQuery('body').css('margin-top'), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass('gform_validation_error')){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').addClass('gform_validation_error');} else {jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').removeClass('gform_validation_error');}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').offset().top - mt); }, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_2').val();gformInitSpinner( 2, 'https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', false );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [2, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_2'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}jQuery('#gform_wrapper_2').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gf_2').offset().top - mt);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [2]);window['gf_submitting_2'] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery('#gform_confirmation_message_2').text());}else{jQuery('#gform_2').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "2", currentPage: "current_page", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_2" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_2"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_2" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( 'gform_post_render', [2, current_page] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 2, currentPage: current_page } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } );} ); </script> <style>.vcex-social-links.vcex_678b5652e19ad .vcex-social-links__item{color:#002147;}</style><div class="vcex-social-links vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-items-center wpex-flex-wrap wpex-social-btns vcex-social-btns wpex-gap-5 wpex-last-mr-0 vcex_678b5652e19ad"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/FMReview/" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-facebook" target="_blank" title="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a><a href="https://twitter.com/FMReview" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-x-twitter" target="_blank" title="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon wpex-svg-icon" aria-hidden="true"><svg height="20" width="20" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/forced-migration-review/" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-linkedin" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/fmreview.bsky.social" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-vk" target="_blank" title="VK" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-vk" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">VK</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="past-issues" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid home__row-4 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex no-bottom-margins" data-ls_id="#past-issues" tabindex="-1"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid inner-row-1 vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex no-bottom-margins"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl fmr-heading"><span class="vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block">Past issues</span></div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element btn-explore-content" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue fmr-btn--oxfordBlue-arrow" href="https://www.fmreview.org/explore-content/?termID=36"><span class="btn-text">EXPLORE CONTENT</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid inner-row-2 vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex no-bottom-margins"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vcex-shortcode wpex-clr"><div id="ymc-smart-filter-container-1" class="ymc-smart-filter-container ymc-filter-109 ymc-loaded-filter ymc-no-filter-layout ymc-post-custom-layout ymc-pagination-numeric data-target-ymc109-1 data-target-ymc1 fmr-ct-issues" data-loading="true" data-params='{"cpt":"fmr_content","tax":"fmr_content_type","terms":"31","default_terms":"","exclude_posts":"off","choices_posts":"2213,1756,112","posts_selected":"all","preloader_icon":"preloader_6","type_pg":"numeric","per_page":"3","page":"1","page_scroll":"1","preloader_filters":"custom_filters","preloader_filters_rate":"0.5","preloader_filters_custom":"filter:brightness(0)saturate(100%)invert(71%)sepia(53%)saturate(437%)hue-rotate(110deg)brightness(91%)contrast(95%);","post_animation":"","popup_animation":"normal","letter":"","post_layout":"post-custom-layout","filter_layout":"no-filter-layout","filter_id":"109","search":"","search_filtered_posts":"0","carousel_params":"","filter_date":"","sort_order":"","sort_orderby":"","meta_key":"","meta_query":"","date_query":"","data_target":"data-target-ymc1","target_id":"1"}'><div class="container-posts container-post-custom-layout"><div class="post-entry ymc-xs-col-1 ymc-sm-col-2 ymc-md-col-3 ymc-lg-col-3 ymc-xl-col-3 ymc-xxl-col-3 post-custom-layout post-custom-layout-109 post-custom-layout-109-1"></div></div></div></div> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element btn-explore-content--mobile" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p style="text-align: center;"><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--oxfordBlue fmr-btn--oxfordBlue-arrow" href="/shape-history/fmr?page_id=204">EXPLORE CONTENT</a></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer id="footer-builder" class="footer-builder"> <div class="footer-builder-content container entry wpex-clr"> <div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid footer-row vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex no-bottom-margins wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid inner-row inner-row--1"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl"><span class="vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block">Sign up<br /> for emails</span></div><a href="/fmr-alerts/" class="vcex-button theme-button inline fmr-btn fmr-btn--eucalyptus fmr-btn--eucalyptus-arrow"><span class="vcex-button-inner theme-button-inner">SIGN UP</span></a> <div class="vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-left wpex-mr-auto wpex-max-w-100 wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main divider-1" style="width:80px;border-color:#ffffff;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid inner-row inner-row--2 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--eucalyptus fmr-btn--eucalyptus-arrow" href="https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span class="btn-text">Visit THE refugee studies centre</span></a></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element text-large" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Sparking discussion to improve displacement response</p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid inner-row inner-row--3 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element text-element text-copyright" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <ul> <li><a href="/?page_id=1793" rel="noopener">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/?page_id=1807" rel="noopener">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/?page_id=1813" rel="noopener">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <ul> <li><a href="/?page_id=1816" rel="noopener">PRIVACY POLICY</a></li> <li><a href="/?page_id=1826" rel="noopener">Photo policy</a></li> <li><a href="/?page_id=323#faq" rel="noopener">Writing FAQs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-2"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <ul> <li><a href="/?page_id=117#join-team">Vacancies</a></li> <li><a href="/?page_id=1823" rel="noopener">COOKIES</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><figure class="vcex-image vcex-module textright"><div class="vcex-image-inner wpex-relative wpex-inline-block"><img width="1325" height="361" src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/New-FMR-Footer-Logo.png" class="vcex-image-img wpex-align-middle" alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/New-FMR-Footer-Logo.png 1325w, https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/New-FMR-Footer-Logo-300x82.png 300w, https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/New-FMR-Footer-Logo-1024x279.png 1024w, https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/New-FMR-Footer-Logo-768x209.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1325px) 100vw, 1325px" /></div></figure></div></div></div></div><div class="vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid wpex-my-10 vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main divider-2" style="border-color:#47d7ac;"></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid inner-row inner-row--4 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element copyright" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>© Copyright 2024</p> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><style>.vcex-social-links.vcex_678b5652ebb50 .vcex-social-links__item{color:#ffffff;}</style><div class="vcex-social-links vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-items-center wpex-flex-wrap wpex-social-btns vcex-social-btns wpex-gap-5 wpex-justify-end wpex-last-mr-0 vcex_678b5652ebb50"><a href="mailto:fmr@qeh.ox.ac.uk%20" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-email" target="_blank" title="Email" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Email</span></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/FMReview/" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-facebook" target="_blank" title="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a><a href="https://twitter.com/FMReview" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-x-twitter" target="_blank" title="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon wpex-svg-icon" aria-hidden="true"><svg height="20" width="20" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/forced-migration-review/" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-linkedin" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/fmreview.bsky.social" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-has-custom-color wpex-vk" target="_blank" title="VK" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-vk" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">VK</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="wpex-mobile-menu-bottom wpex-hidden wpex-px-20 wpex-pt-20"><div class="btn-wrp"><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--blueCola" href="https://www.development.ox.ac.uk/mag?id=aac72e48-890e-480c-9e45-a676a1a89b9c"><span class="btn-text">DONATE</span></a><a class="fmr-btn fmr-btn--eucalyptus" target="_blank" href="https://www.fmreview.org/fmr-alerts/"><span class="btn-text">SUBSCRIBE</span></a></div></div> <div class="wpex-sidr-overlay wpex-fixed wpex-inset-0 wpex-hidden wpex-z-9999 wpex-bg-black wpex-opacity-60"></div> <div id="pum-2026" class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-25 pum-theme-lightbox popmake-overlay pum-click-to-close click_open" data-popmake="{"id":2026,"slug":"sign-up-for-emails","theme_id":25,"cookies":[],"triggers":[{"type":"click_open","settings":{"extra_selectors":"","cookie_name":null}}],"mobile_disabled":null,"tablet_disabled":null,"meta":{"display":{"stackable":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"scrollable_content":false,"disable_reposition":false,"size":"custom","responsive_min_width":"0%","responsive_min_width_unit":false,"responsive_max_width":"100%","responsive_max_width_unit":false,"custom_width":"560px","custom_width_unit":false,"custom_height":"440px","custom_height_unit":false,"custom_height_auto":"1","location":"center","position_from_trigger":false,"position_top":"100","position_left":"0","position_bottom":"0","position_right":"0","position_fixed":"1","animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","overlay_zindex":false,"zindex":"1999999999"},"close":{"text":"","button_delay":"0","overlay_click":"1","esc_press":"1","f4_press":false},"click_open":[]}}" role="dialog" aria-modal="false" > <div id="popmake-2026" class="pum-container popmake theme-25 size-custom pum-position-fixed"> <div class="pum-content popmake-content" tabindex="0"> <div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid no-bottom-margins"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><h2 class="vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl"><span class="vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block">Sign up for emails</span></h2> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>Follow us on social media</p> </div> </div> <div class="vcex-social-links vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-items-center wpex-flex-wrap wpex-social-btns vcex-social-btns wpex-gap-5 wpex-justify-center wpex-last-mr-0"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/FMReview/" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-facebook" target="_blank" title="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a><a href="https://twitter.com/FMReview" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-x-twitter" target="_blank" title="Twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon wpex-svg-icon" aria-hidden="true"><svg height="20" width="20" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/forced-migration-review/" class="vcex-social-links__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-colored wpex-social-color wpex-linkedin" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="vcex-social-links__icon ticon ticon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <button type="button" class="pum-close popmake-close" aria-label="Close"> × </button> </div> </div> <script type="text/html" id="wpb-modifications"> window.wpbCustomElement = 1; </script><script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/total-child-theme/assets/js/slick.js" id="slick-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js?ver=4.2.2" id="masonry-js"></script> <script id="global-js-extra"> var _global_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"5ec7203ffb","current_page":"1","path":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/themes\/total-child-theme","current_language":"en"}; </script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/total-child-theme/assets/js/global.js?ver=1737184850" id="global-js"></script> <script id="wpex-core-js-extra"> var wpex_theme_params = {"menuWidgetAccordion":"1","mobileMenuBreakpoint":"1024","i18n":{"openSubmenu":"Open submenu of %s","closeSubmenu":"Close submenu of %s"},"stickyHeaderStyle":"standard","hasStickyMobileHeader":"","stickyHeaderBreakPoint":"1025","selectArrowIcon":"<span class=\"wpex-select-arrow__icon ticon ticon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>","customSelects":".widget_categories form,.widget_archive select,.vcex-form-shortcode select","scrollToHash":"1","localScrollFindLinks":"1","localScrollHighlight":"1","localScrollUpdateHash":"","scrollToHashTimeout":"500","localScrollTargets":"li.local-scroll a, a.local-scroll, .local-scroll-link, .local-scroll-link > a","localScrollSpeed":"1000","scrollToBehavior":"smooth","mobileMenuOpenSubmenuIcon":"<span class=\"wpex-open-submenu__icon wpex-transition-all wpex-duration-300 ticon ticon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>"}; </script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/js/frontend/core.min.js?ver=5.11.1" id="wpex-core-js"></script> <script id="wpex-mobile-menu-sidr-js-extra"> var wpex_mobile_menu_sidr_params = {"source":"#site-navigation","side":"right","dark_surface":"1","displace":"","aria_label":"Mobile menu","aria_label_close":"Close mobile menu","class":["wpex-mobile-menu"],"speed":"300"}; </script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/themes/Total/assets/js/frontend/mobile-menu/sidr.min.js?ver=5.11.1" id="wpex-mobile-menu-sidr-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/dflip/assets/js/dflip.min.js?ver=2.2.32" id="dflip-script-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script id="popup-maker-site-js-extra"> var pum_vars = {"version":"1.19.0","pm_dir_url":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-maker\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restapi":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1","rest_nonce":null,"default_theme":"24","debug_mode":"","disable_tracking":"","home_url":"\/","message_position":"top","core_sub_forms_enabled":"1","popups":[],"cookie_domain":"","analytics_route":"analytics","analytics_api":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1"}; var pum_sub_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","message_position":"top"}; var pum_popups = {"pum-2026":{"triggers":[],"cookies":[],"disable_on_mobile":false,"disable_on_tablet":false,"atc_promotion":null,"explain":null,"type_section":null,"theme_id":"25","size":"custom","responsive_min_width":"0%","responsive_max_width":"100%","custom_width":"560px","custom_height_auto":true,"custom_height":"440px","scrollable_content":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","open_sound":"none","custom_sound":"","location":"center","position_top":"100","position_bottom":"0","position_left":"0","position_right":"0","position_from_trigger":false,"position_fixed":true,"overlay_disabled":false,"stackable":false,"disable_reposition":false,"zindex":"1999999999","close_button_delay":"0","fi_promotion":null,"close_on_form_submission":false,"close_on_form_submission_delay":"0","close_on_overlay_click":true,"close_on_esc_press":true,"close_on_f4_press":false,"disable_form_reopen":false,"disable_accessibility":false,"theme_slug":"lightbox","id":2026,"slug":"sign-up-for-emails"}}; </script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/popup-maker/assets/js/site.min.js?defer&ver=1.19.0" id="popup-maker-site-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-inert.min.js?ver=3.1.2" id="wp-polyfill-inert-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/regenerator-runtime.min.js?ver=0.14.0" id="regenerator-runtime-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/dist/a11y.min.js?ver=d90eebea464f6c09bfd5" id="wp-a11y-js"></script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/placeholders.jquery.min.js?ver=2.8.11" id="gform_placeholder-js"></script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/vendor-theme.min.js?ver=54e7080aa7a02c83aa61fae430b9d869" id="gform_gravityforms_theme_vendors-js"></script> <script id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js-extra"> var gform_theme_config = {"common":{"form":{"honeypot":{"version_hash":"da2f27801354524b5e12deed4a0a4a7f"}}},"hmr_dev":"","public_path":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/assets\/js\/dist\/"}; </script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/scripts-theme.min.js?ver=bab19fd84843dabc070e73326d787910" id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/ymc-smart-filter/includes/assets/js/masonry.js?ver=2.9.24" id="filter-grids-masonry-3d5b554ded-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/ymc-smart-filter/includes/assets/js/swiper.min.js?ver=2.9.24" id="filter-grids-swiper-3d5b554ded-js"></script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js"></script> <script id="filter-grids-3d5b554ded-js-extra"> var _smart_filter_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"93dda0b722","current_page":"1","path":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ymc-smart-filter\/"}; </script> <script src="https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/ymc-smart-filter/includes/assets/js/script.min.js?ver=2.9.24" id="filter-grids-3d5b554ded-js"></script> <script data-cfasync="false"> var dFlipLocation = "https://www.fmreview.org/wp-content/plugins/dflip/assets/"; var dFlipWPGlobal = {"text":{"toggleSound":"Turn on\/off Sound","toggleThumbnails":"Toggle Thumbnails","toggleOutline":"Toggle Outline\/Bookmark","previousPage":"Previous Page","nextPage":"Next Page","toggleFullscreen":"Toggle Fullscreen","zoomIn":"Zoom In","zoomOut":"Zoom Out","toggleHelp":"Toggle Help","singlePageMode":"Single Page Mode","doublePageMode":"Double Page Mode","downloadPDFFile":"Download PDF File","gotoFirstPage":"Goto First Page","gotoLastPage":"Goto Last Page","share":"Share","search":"Search","print":"Print","mailSubject":"I wanted you to see this FlipBook","mailBody":"Check out this site {{url}}","loading":"Loading"},"viewerType":"flipbook","mobileViewerType":"auto","moreControls":"download,pageMode,startPage,endPage,sound","hideControls":"","leftControls":"outline,thumbnail","rightControls":"fullScreen,share,download,more","hideShareControls":"","scrollWheel":"false","backgroundColor":"transparent","backgroundImage":"","height":"auto","paddingTop":"20","paddingBottom":"20","paddingLeft":"20","paddingRight":"20","controlsPosition":"bottom","controlsFloating":true,"direction":1,"duration":800,"soundEnable":"true","showDownloadControl":"true","showSearchControl":"false","showPrintControl":"false","enableAnalytics":"false","webgl":"true","hard":"none","maxTextureSize":"1600","rangeChunkSize":"524288","disableRange":false,"zoomRatio":1.5,"flexibility":1,"pageMode":"0","singlePageMode":"0","pageSize":"0","autoPlay":"false","autoPlayDuration":5000,"autoPlayStart":"false","linkTarget":"2","sharePrefix":"flipbook-","pdfVersion":"default","thumbLayout":"book-title-hover","targetWindow":"_popup","buttonClass":"","hasSpiral":false,"spiralColor":"#eee","cover3DType":"none","color3DCover":"#aaaaaa","color3DSheets":"#fff","flipbook3DTiltAngleUp":0,"flipbook3DTiltAngleLeft":0,"autoPDFLinktoViewer":false,"sideMenuOverlay":true,"displayLightboxPlayIcon":false,"popupBackGroundColor":"#eee","shelfImage":"","enableAutoLinks":true};</script><style>.df-sheet .df-page:before { opacity: 0.5;}section.linkAnnotation a, a.linkAnnotation, .buttonWidgetAnnotation a, a.customLinkAnnotation, .customHtmlAnnotation, .customVideoAnnotation, a.df-autolink{background-color: #ff0; opacity: 0.2;} section.linkAnnotation a:hover, a.linkAnnotation:hover, .buttonWidgetAnnotation a:hover, a.customLinkAnnotation:hover, .customHtmlAnnotation:hover, .customVideoAnnotation:hover, a.df-autolink:hover{background-color: #2196F3; opacity: 0.5;}.df-container.df-transparent.df-fullscreen{background-color: #eee;} </style><script></script><script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() { jQuery(document).on('gform_post_render', function(event, formId, currentPage){if(formId == 2) {if(typeof Placeholders != 'undefined'){ Placeholders.enable(); }} } );jQuery(document).on('gform_post_conditional_logic', function(event, formId, fields, isInit){} ) } ); </script> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {jQuery(document).trigger("gform_pre_post_render", [{ formId: "2", currentPage: "1", abort: function() { this.preventDefault(); } }]); if (event.defaultPrevented) { return; } const gformWrapperDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_wrapper_2" ); if ( gformWrapperDiv ) { const visibilitySpan = document.createElement( "span" ); visibilitySpan.id = "gform_visibility_test_2"; gformWrapperDiv.insertAdjacentElement( "afterend", visibilitySpan ); } const visibilityTestDiv = document.getElementById( "gform_visibility_test_2" ); let postRenderFired = false; function triggerPostRender() { if ( postRenderFired ) { return; } postRenderFired = true; jQuery( document ).trigger( 'gform_post_render', [2, 1] ); gform.utils.trigger( { event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 2, currentPage: 1 } } ); if ( visibilityTestDiv ) { visibilityTestDiv.parentNode.removeChild( visibilityTestDiv ); } } function debounce( func, wait, immediate ) { var timeout; return function() { var context = this, args = arguments; var later = function() { timeout = null; if ( !immediate ) func.apply( context, args ); }; var callNow = immediate && !timeout; clearTimeout( timeout ); timeout = setTimeout( later, wait ); if ( callNow ) func.apply( context, args ); }; } const debouncedTriggerPostRender = debounce( function() { triggerPostRender(); }, 200 ); if ( visibilityTestDiv && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent === null ) { const observer = new MutationObserver( ( mutations ) => { mutations.forEach( ( mutation ) => { if ( mutation.type === 'attributes' && visibilityTestDiv.offsetParent !== null ) { debouncedTriggerPostRender(); observer.disconnect(); } }); }); observer.observe( document.body, { attributes: true, childList: false, subtree: true, attributeFilter: [ 'style', 'class' ], }); } else { triggerPostRender(); } } ); </script> </body> </html>
Resolver
Resolver ASN
AS198589
Resolver IP
5.62.131.10
Resolver Network Name
Al-Jazeera Al-Arabiya Company for Communication and Internet LTD
Report ID
20250118T071754Z_webconnectivity_IQ_198589_n1_AXGLgBIyfAxpEnVM
Platform
windows
Software Name
ooniprobe-desktop-unattended (3.23.0)
Measurement Engine
ooniprobe-engine (3.23.0)